breathedout: Reading in the bath (reading)
I actually finished multiple things this week! I'm on my way to reducing my number of in-progress projects! Go me! ... I will admit that I also started something new, which I will talk about for #accountability and also because I'm really enjoying it.

On the plus (or rather minus) side of the equation, I finished both Elena Ferrante's My Brilliant Friend and Anjali Arondekar's For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India. I mentioned the former back in early February, and having finished it, my opinion remains pretty much the same as it was then: I enjoyed it a lot, but the huge amount of hype surrounding it is kind of mystifying to me. It struck me as a well-written but fairly standard bildungsroman, told at a narrative distance that was a little removed to really enthrall me. I liked its focus on girls, women, and female friendship, but the majority of the things I read are about girls and women: friendships between girls and women, or love affairs between girls and women, or, ideally, complicated whatsits somewhere between or outside those two things between girls and women. So that's not exactly a novelty, though maybe that's because I very consciously seek those things out? Maybe if I were reading straight off the best-seller list (wording intentional) it would be more uncommon? I dunno, man. I remain kind of flummoxed by the mind=blown reaction that so many folks apparently had to this book. However! It's certainly a fine book, and one I'm glad I read.

For the Record, on the other hand, was super fascinating, which I'm sure is unsurprising to hear me say since I kept excerpting it while reading. Arondekar makes a nuanced argument about archival methodologies that strive for completeness and legibility: both the conservative stance which says, for example, no queerness existed in the past because it's not in the archive and the archive is complete; and also queer/feminist/subaltern studies (though, plainly, Arondekar belongs much more to the second of these groups than to the first) which attempt to recover in the archive what's been lost, or to read a complete story in what has gone unarchived, essentially letting the gaps dictate what they should be filled by. Her idea, greatly simplified here by me, is instead to dwell in the incompleteness of the archive: to find places where the incompleteness itself makes meaning, rather than always to look for places where it can be mitigated in favor of real or imagined completion. (You can see the connection to the passage on Kipling and Freud that I excerpted the other day.)

Almost more interesting, though, to the casual reader, is that in the process of exploring this idea Arondekar surveys all kinds of intriguing queer-historical moments, from Richard Burton's missing report on the male brothels of Karáchi, to an abortive sodomy conviction in Allahabad in 1884, to the fetishization of the rare-in-real-life india rubber dildo in Victorian porn, to an analysis of the scant few stories Rudyard Kipling wrote about the 1857 Mutiny. Arondekar closes her Kipling chapter by discussing a non-Mutiny Kipling story, "To Be Filed for Reference," in which the narrator is bequeathed a long-heralded yet (according to the narrator) ultimately nonsensical and inappropriate-for-revelation text by a semi-autobiographical character occupying a liminal space between Englishman and "native":

"To Be Filed for Reference" maps the genesis of a friendship between McIntosh Jellaludin (the only Kipling character to have successfully "gone fantee" and passed into the hybrid, sullied space of Eurasian identity) and the ubiquitous male narrator. The friendship, and the story, culminates in the form of a literary transaction, an exchange of a strange body of narratives, a "hopeless muddle" of jumbled tales that Jellaludin, on his deathbed, bequeaths the narrator.

The narrator first stumbles on the drunken Jellaludin on a dark night and befriends him with the enticement of tobacco and books in exchange for what he ironically calls "the materials of a new Inferno that should make me greater than Dante" (Indian Tales, 377). Born out of this drunken erudition... )


This was all very interesting to me because it so happens that I just started another story which also starts with the meeting of two men, also in a caravanserai in India; in which one man (as in the Kipling) offers the other tobacco and then, eventually, over drinks and in an interaction reminiscent of lovers (as in the Kipling), gives him a book which (as in the Kipling) offers the promise of enticing, previously-unsuspected yet near-unfathomable stories requiring much glossing and interpretation, at least one of which (as in the Kipling) involves a connection between a feral northern/white foreigner and an Indian woman: Indra Das's The Devourers. (One assumes that Kipling did not go on to chronicle the adventures of queer werewolves.) Not that the frame narrative of two strangers meeting in the night and exchanging stories or even texts is a unique one, but the many commonalities of those two setups do bring up the interesting possibility of reading Das as explicitly in dialogue with Kipling. I'm not far enough along in the Das to have much in the way of substantive comment on that front, but it does make a person wonder. Arondekar/Kipling connection aside, I'm finding Das's tone a little bit slow going: it sometimes feels self-consciously ponderous in a way historical fiction can be prone to before authors totally get in the swing of whatever voice they're adopting. A lot of the time my reading-brain can adapt, though, if I just keep on; and a lot of the time the author limbers up in their prose as the book goes on, as well.

On the minus (or rather plus) side of things, this week I also started Katrina Carrasco's The Best Bad Things, which is a queer historical crime novel set in 1884 in Port Townsend, Washington—a little town I happen to have spent a lot of time in, since I have family there! So that's fun. The protagonist is the bisexual and gender-nonconforming Alma Rosales, rogue Pinkerton operative and disguise aficionada, who I love already after reading this passage, just a dozen pages in. Anyone who has—well, met me, but especially anyone who has read How the mouth changes its shape, will be not at all shocked that I am won over; right before this Alma even thinks to herself "be glad there's not a looking glass here":

To lacquer on manhood, Alma starts with the hands. Gentlemen wear rings. A workingman wears calluses. He leaves dirty fingerprints on newspapers, drops peanut shells in his path. His nails may or may not be bitten. In winter his knuckles crack with cold.

She shakes open a sackcloth bundle. Inside is a warped metal pipe, slick with grease, caked with ash. A sailor sold it to her from a dockside box of scraps. He said its explosion unmade a boiler room and nearly sent its ship to the bad place.

Only faint smears of French chalk remain between her fingers. Gripping the pipe, she twists her hands in opposite directions. Twists, so the pipe's grease grits into her skin and its metal ridges rouse the nerves of her palms.

Remember how to talk like Jack Camp. Rough voice. Tobacco-muddled tongue.

Grip, twist.

Remember how to move like Jack Camp. Hips first, cocksure.

Twist.

Remember how to fight like Jack Camp—and at this, Alma smiles. This is her favorite thing. The red and sweat and swearing, the fire in her rib cage, the bend and crush of bodies. Muscles contracting. Sunbursts of pain. Nothing but the pummeling, the wild onrushing of life.

As Camp, she could be a thief, saying, I was on a crew in the city. We ran small-time jobs—liquor, queered cash. Your place looked like easy pickings, and your boys sure as shit didn't put up much of a fight.


I forgot how fast-moving crime fiction is; I'm only like 20 pages in and Alma has already knocked a guy out and been knocked out herself; and that's putting aside the two-page prologue in which she gears up to shoot someone after telling them not to use her name. But it's nice having a bit of a pot-boiler in my pocket when the majority of the other books I've got on the go are histories of racism, railways, and volunteer nursing in WWI. All super interesting, yes, but sometimes a person just wants a good old-fashioned in-costume queer fistfight.

Anyway, the upshot of all that is that I'm at five current reading projects, down from eight when I started trying to cut down. Maybe by next Wednesday I can be down to four?
breathedout: Reading in the bath (reading)
[Kipling's 1857 Mutiny] stories are [...] carefully screened for their unspeakable horror, a horror that only the narrators [and not the readers] can wholly see and decipher. [...]

In her work on narrative obsessions and their links to fetishism, Emily Apter connects such narrative structures to a particular kind of pleasurable preoccupation: "The literary psychodynamics of vision: the conceit of seeing... heightens erotic atmosphere by placing the reader-viewer at a distance (the suspense of image-suspension) or situating him or her at some transgressively hidden vantage point. The reader is a lonely voyeur, hunched over a keyhole, and the space that separates him or her from the spectacle correlates to the temporality of lingering on the way to a sexual aim... what Freud called perversion... and what Peter Brooks (glossing Freud) has described as the protracted forepleasure of narrative 'clock-teasing'." A footnote to the above passage further points us to the section "The Sexual Aberrations" in the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in which Sigmund Freud places the burden of perversity on the rather elusive notion of "lingering": "Perversions are sexual activities... which either (a) extend, in an anatomical sense, beyond the regions of the body that are designed for sexual union, of (b) linger over the intermediate relations to the sexual object which should normally be traversed rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim." For Freud, these aberrant activities are problematic beginnings, preliminary stages that lose their "abnormalcy" when placed in a strongly teleological model of sexuality that must have as its endpoint the stabilizing space of heterosexual genitality. The founding split in all of Freud's revisions of these essays is his inability to account for the breakdown in such developmental models.

What happens, however, I want to ask, if this "lingering" or "fore-pleasure" supersedes the value of genitally defined pleasure, or more interestingly, what if "lingering" becomes, because of and not despite its defined incompleteness, the desired object of narrative focus?


—Anjali Arondekar, For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India (bolding added)

So a COUPLE thoughts:

1) Freud was a fun guy in the sack, n/n/wtfn?
2) This passage just snuck up on me out of nowhere and hit me over the head with a neat little link between my predilection for queer sex and the fact that my ideal detective story would live forever in the space before/without resolution! RUDE! But also: delightful. Even if I am not totally convinced, I am utterly tickled. Lingering!
3) What a great final sentence.
4) Seriously though, my brain just keeps obsessively repeating the phrase, "the intermediate relations to the sexual object which should normally be traversed rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim," but putting the emphasis on different words, à la Tumblr circa 2017:

intermediate relations to the sexual object which should normally be traversed rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim

intermediate relations to the sexual object which SHOULD normally be traversed rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim

intermediate relations to the sexual object which should NORRRRRMALLY be traversed rapidly on the path towards the final sexual aim

intermediate relations to the sexual object which should normally be TRAVERSED [[[[[[RAPIDLY]]]]]]]] on the path towards the final sexual aim

intermediate relations to the sexual object which should normally be traversed rapidly on the path towards ~~~THE FINAL SEXUAL AIM~~~

Ahahahahaha I mean.

*Star Trek intro voice*: Penis in vagina: THE FINAL SEXUAL AIM!

Whisperspace )
breathedout: Reading in the bath (reading)
I missed doing this on its proper date because I woke up yesterday morning with a super uncomfortable, red, swollen and weeping right eye, and I then had to spend most of the day either asleep, or with my face covered by lightly microwaved hot pads or a stylish eye patch. It was quite the party. It's basically recovered now, although it still feels a bit light-sensitive.

HOWEVER, I wanted to check in and note that I am slowly chipping away at my goal of actually finishing some things and reducing my number of in-progress projects. Accountability!

On Tuesday I finished The Air You Breathe, by Frances De Pontes Peebles, which I have previously written about here and here. Comparing my final takeaway to what I wrote in those two entries, it's interesting to me how my perception of Dores's sexuality shifted throughout the book. I'd say that, as the book evolves, she comes to read as much more clearly bisexual, although still with a preference for women over men. She spends her entire life passionately in love with one woman—even decades after Graça's death, both Dores and her writing partner Vinicius, whom she marries when she is in her 50s and he is in his 60s, remain in love with the dead woman's memory—and early in the novel, before Dores learns the trick of separating her sexual adventuring from her pining after Graça, that creates the impression that she's not sexually into men, something that doesn't prove true as the novel goes on. That effect of maturing into a sexuality ill-fittedly independent of one's yearning emotional attachment, is an interesting effect. A after some of the recent conversations around here about bisexuality in fiction, I think many folks might find it refreshing to encounter a bi character who loves one other person obsessively for her entire life... even if it might have been a healthier decision to let Graça go already, damn. If there's one thing you can't accuse Dores of being, it's flighty with her deep affections.

In any case I continued to really appreciate Peebles's depiction of the relationship between Dores and Vinicius, which is artistically passionate, incidentally sexual, and bound by their mutual frustration with and adoration of the same woman. Also, for me personally, the section set in WWII-era Hollywood was super fun to read, since I read quite a bit about LA history while I lived there. Overall, a bit soapy and nothing groundbreaking, but a solidly enjoyable queer historical read.

I also made progress on Anjali Arondekar's For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India, which I excerpted here in a post whose comments section continues to be a laugh riot, and an informative one. (Seriously, y'all are amazing <3) Progress through this book is very slow because I keep wanting to pause and record passages here, and it's actually a bit difficult to excerpt because I'm five chapters into a nuanced theoretical argument about approaches to archival methodology that I'm usually trying to sort of cut around in the excerpts. However, I've finished with the dildo chapter and am now onto the last chapter, which concerns the gap in the Kipling archive shaped like the Mutiny of 1857. It continues to be totally fascinating & dense with thought-provoking material.

Reports have neither been confirmed nor denied, but I when was under the weather yesterday I... may have also started Indra Das's The Devourers, which was recced to me by [personal profile] shadaras in the comments to my post about the poor treatment of imperialism in The Magicians. This was Bad of me as I'm not supposed to be starting new things, but I was down to one eye and I felt like something a little lighter than the history of trains in Nova Scotia or the Canadian volunteer nursing corps in World War I. Gay anti-imperialist Kolkata werewolves seemed like the ticket. So far it's a bit explain-y, but not bad; there are a lot of story-related trances and wandering around tents at nighttime, catching cabs and discoursing on the role of history. I'm only about a chapter in, so time will tell.

Oh! and I started reading Dira Sudis's Hawks and Hands, which is a Due South hockey AU recced by [personal profile] greywash, because we are going to a hockey game on Saturday!! Which will be the first sporting event I have ever, in my entire life, attended in person! (Following close on the heels of the first sporting event I had ever, in my entire life, watched all the way through on TV, which was the game we watched on Tuesday night as a tutorial for me to learn about this "hockey" thing.) I am getting a kick out of how much better I understand the hockey parts of this story now than I would have on Monday; I now (sort of) understand what is meant by words and phrases like "line mate" and "offside" and "the crease," and every time I come across one I point and cackle. So luckily I haven't been reading this story anywhere but in the comfort of my own home.

... That's technically a positive balance of books started versus books finished, BUT. I don't count fanfic in my tallies because there are a bunch of stats I can't know about it (e.g. author nationality, race, & gender). So as far as recordkeeping is concerned, I am breaking even. /o\
breathedout: Reading in the bath (reading)
The munificent dildo of india rubber [...] does appear as staple fare in Victorian pornography, either carefully highlighted as in the case of The Story of a Dildoe or casually inserted in random scenarios of sexual pleasure, as in several episodes in the Pearl: "The godemiches [dildos] were brought forth, and proved to be of monstrous size, to our ideas; they were made of the finest vulcanised india rubber, beautifully molded and finished with all appendages complete." In most of these instances, the material of the dildo is always remarked on and cited as a guarantee of the dildo's superiority and efficiency. In one case, it is a "big india-rubber instrument" tucked away in a drawer on the dressing table; on another occasion the dildo disappears, but the qualities of the india rubber are still extolled: "What do you think of my sweetheart? Isn't she a beauty? There's an elastic belly to spend on, and I can assure you it has a moist engaging entrance to it—feels like velvet, and clutches like India rubber."

I describe these appearances of the india-rubber dildo for two reasons: first, the reification of india rubber in these pornographic texts as efficient, modern, lifelike, and beautiful resonates strongly with the history of the [cultivation and] manufacture of india rubber, a history powerfully linked to the management of colonial India.[...] The raw material for the manufacture of india rubber, Woodruff tells us, originally came from the "moist clayey lands of the Amazon basin, and extending over a large district of Central and South America." He points out, however, that this dependency on raw materials from the Amazon was carefully altered by English entrepreneurs and bureaucrats, who wanted to ensure that the raw materials came from areas over which they had colonial control: "Sir Clements R. Markham had already transplanted the quinine-yielding chichona tree from South America to India and in 1870... he turned to the cultivation of rubber. The plants and seeds which he brought back with him... were soon distributed through the Botanical Gardens at Kew to the tropical colonies. The story of the distribution of these supplies in the nineteenth century is... in part the story of Britain's role as the leading mercantile nation."

As Woodruff demonstrates, the manufacture of india rubber announced in many ways the ingenuity of British rule: plunder the raw materials from one part of the New World (South America), take them to a centralized space in the metropole (the Botanical Gardens at Kew), then redistribute them along the shores of a British colony (India), and you have the makings of a booming rubber industry. Woodruff's history thus provides the india-rubber dildo with a complicated and insistently colonial referent of its own. Technologies of sexuality fuse with technologies of colonial industry [...]

[Furthermore, t]he technologies of manufacturing india rubber in the late nineteenth century much resembled the technologies of colonial rule in India. The first stage in the manufacture of india rubber in the metropole was purification: the raw rubber had to be rid of any "foreign matter. The rubber was cut up by hand and the more obvious forms of adulteration... introduced by the native as good measure removed." The rubber was then fed into a filtering machine, where it was cleaned further, and added into a plasticizing machine that moulded and "kneaded the rubber effectively." Once through that process, it was passed into a "softening machine," where critical artificial chemicals were incorporated into the rubber to ensure its appropriate malleability. It was only "when the material had been cleansed, ground, softened and compounded" that it was ready for the process of vulcanization. [...]

Such a manufacture was echoed in the process of creating the perfect native subject. Gauri Vishwanathan delineates how the business of empire building was facilitated through the intellectual purification of the native Indians, which supposedly obtained from the introduction of English-language literature and the careful filtering out of native literary and intellectual traditions. The emphasis, as in the india-rubber manufacturing process, was on slowly curing the natives of their "adulterating" instincts, on somehow incorporating alongside those instincts a respect and need for English rule.


—Anjali Arondekar, For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India

(Apologies to Arondekar for rearranging her prose a little bit; I wanted to shorten and combine passages from two sections, as they inform each other. All elisions are marked, & hopefully it's not too choppy. Apparently it's just all imperialism all the time around here today...)

Edit: Thanks to [personal profile] oulfis for linking to a source where you can read the text mentioned, including, as he says, an amazing advertisement for the dildos on Page 14.
breathedout: Portrait of breathedout by Leontine Greenberg (bathtime)
I've been so absorbed in writing my little ficlet cycle that I haven't been reading as much! But here's a fascinating couple of excerpts from Anjali Arondekar's For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India, both concerning the desire, on the part of the British, to simultaneously regulate what they anecdotally considered rampant and unchecked unnatural vice on the part of their Indian subjects, and also conceal from said Indian subjects that, um, well actually British folks indulge in those vices too, since that revelation—unlike everything else the British were doing in India, apparently—might potentially undermine the image of Brits as morally unimpeachable, self-evident rulers.

Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, for example, in setting out to craft the Indian Penal Code in 1835, was adamant that such a code had to be absolutely clear, both in its definitions and its prescribed punishments, so as to survive translation into many Indian languages. It must be a unifying, equalizing force across all peoples on the subcontinent, readily accessible to, and accepted by, the common man, unlike the hodge-podge of top-down local laws already in existence:

Missing the enormous historical irony of his own words, Macaulay passionately claims that the primary reason for such a deplorable lack of legal models is that "all existing systems of law in India are foreign. All were introduced by conquerors differing in race, manners, language, and religion from the great mass of people."


To solve this problem, Macaulay (a foreign conqueror differing in race, manners, language, and religion from the great mass of people), set out to write clear, translatable laws, which he really spent some quality time thinking through:

Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation: Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.

The offence made punishable under this section requires that penetration, however little, should be proved strictly. Thus an attempt to commit this offence should be an attempt to thrust the male organ into the anus of the passive agent. Some activity on the part of the accused in that particular direction ought to be proved strictly. A mere preparation for the operation should not necessarily be construed as an attempt. Emission is not necessary.


Macaulay's code was then translated into a dozen local Indian languages, because it was supposed to apply to all subjects of the Raj, really everyone this time, one law for seriously all the people... welllll, except for white Englishmen, because I mean, good heavens, what scandalous impression of white Englishmen would that make on the Indians? What would they think of our national character??

"It is unnecessary to point out how desirable it is that our national character should stand high in the estimation of the inhabitants of India, and how much the character would be lowered by the frequent exhibitions of Englishmen of the worst description, placed in the most degrading situations, stigmatised by the courts of justice in India." Macaulay makes the point that Englishmen committing unnatural offences should not be tried in British India, for fear of the consequences of trial on public and civil life.


If they know we're sodomites, in other words, they'll think we're not civilized. Invading their countries, strong-arming their land into monocrops for export, forcing them into penury, using their sons as cannon fodder, etc.: all these things are all bound to make an excellent impression; a penis in a butt, on the other hand, even if it's just the tip, is surely a bridge too far.

A few decades later, the eager Victorian moralizers of the anti-vice societies were up against a similar catch-22 with regard to anti-pornography legislation:

For antipornography laws to be instituted in colonial India, standards of obscenity had to be carried over from Britain to colonial India. The very presence of antipornograhy laws in Britain translated not only into the questionable morality of the supposedly civilizing colonizers but also undermined the rhetorical force of Britain's ability to govern India. Thus there apears a discourse of contradictory lament int he official archives with respect to the question of obscenity and pornography in the Indian context. On the one hand, we read of colonial officials repeatedly complaining about the rampant perversion of Indian culture and speaking of the need to regulate such outpourings in discursive materials. On the other hand, there is equal despair at the thought of brown subjects "viewing postcards of naked white women, or of English-educated Indians reading works like The Lustful Turk or Venus in India."


Life is hard out there for a colonizer.
breathedout: Portrait of breathedout by Leontine Greenberg (bathtime)
Anjali Arondekar, in For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India, details a case which, in addition to the far subtler points she goes on to make about it, provides a striking contrast with the way late Victorian sodomy prosecutions of white Londoners happened (as invasive and traumatic as even those prosecutions were):

On January 31, 1884, the High Court of Allahabad called a case... )

Compare this to some examples of white Englishmen arrested in London for alleged soliciting (a few decades after this, but the comparison stands), taken from Matt Cook's London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885-1914:

In 1902 Lawrence Salt appeared before magistrates for 'persistently soliciting... )

Both sets of arrests—that of Khairati in Moradabad and Salt, Hill, Freeman, and Horton in London—demonstrate the shift that was happening in British jurisprudence, where it was becoming more and more common for men to be arrested for having the appearance or behavior of someone who might commit sodomy (cross-dressing, effeminacy, frequenting places with bad reputations) rather than for being actually caught in a compromising situation with another man. But—and I would of course be interested if folks have counterexamples—I have never heard of any Victorian or Edwardian court proceedings where the shape or health of the anus of an Englishman, even the anus of a working-class Englishman, was offered in evidence. And indeed, in none of the cases Cook mentions do the men in question seem to have been subjected to a medical exam, nor do their bodies seem to have been used to establish evidence of their "habitual" practices—even when a claim of "persistent" solicitation was a key part of the accusation. At the Wilde trial, to take another famous example, testimony of bodily traces were offered in evidence: hotel maids testified to seeing young men in Wilde's bed, and finding fecal stains on his sheets; the prison chaplain testified, based on the smell of semen, that in prison Wilde had resorted to masturbation (... I know). But no evidence was offered based on physical examinations of Wilde, Douglas, or any of the several young male prostitutes with whom he was accused of "gross indecency," either as to their anal shape or their status in re: venereal disease. This despite the fact that Wilde was certainly being examined by doctors, since he was radically unwell for much of the duration of his time in prison, both before and after conviction.

Arondekar touches in the previous chapter on the deeply racist roots of cultural anthropology as it was developing during the mid-19th century, when emerging trends placed an emphasis on the "reading" of native bodies over native documents:

The Anthropological Society was committed to... )

Under this rubric it becomes the mark of enlightened, supposedly-progressive thought to be able to treat of any part of a native body as a piece of evidence, without succumbing to shock or prudishness. Indeed, in an intellectual climate that systemically discredited native testimony as devious and unreliable, the medical "evidence" supposedly present on native bodies—though properly legible only to Europeans—became the cornerstone of 19th century colonial jurisprudence in India in a way that it wasn't back home in England. Presumably because Englishmen could be trusted to testify for themselves.
breathedout: Portrait of breathedout by Leontine Greenberg (bathtime)
Anjali Arondekar, in For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India, goes into some depth about the complex and shifting organizational schema with which British colonizers conceptualized "native" participation in male-male sexuality (either with each other, or, more threateningly, with Englishmen). As a note, the word "pederasty" at the time was used to denote male-male sexuality generally, and didn't necessarily refer to a relationship with an age difference wherein one party is a very young man or boy.

Content warnings for homophobia, racism, Islamophobia, and general extreme cultural chauvinism on the part of the British in general and Burton in particular: )

Incidentally I was so sure some subaltern studies grad students must have named their garage-rock band "The Sotadic Zone" that I was frankly shocked to uncover zero relevant Google results.
breathedout: Portrait of breathedout by Leontine Greenberg (bathtime)
I made an off-hand remark in a post the other night about Richard Burton's missing report on the male brothels of Karáchi, and a number of folks got in touch to say how interested they were in hearing more. All excerpts are from Anjali Arondekar's For the Record: On Sexuality and the Colonial Archive in India, which I am only a chapter and a half into but which is so far FASCINATING. I'm not going to try to summarize Arondekar's entire thesis here, since it's very nuanced and I'm not sure I fully grasp it yet myself. I'll just give the basics of her treatment of Burton, Napier, and the colonial politics of the hotly-contested missing report.

So here's a recap of Burton's version of events: )
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